The study addressed the topic of public health protection as one of the most prominent requirements of the modern state, aiming to achieve societal well-being and ensure the physical and psychological safety of individuals. It sought to analyze the legal and institutional framework governing public health protection in Palestinian legislation and to compare it with its counterpart in Sudanese law, with the objective of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of each system and proposing more effective legal mechanisms that keep pace with contemporary challenges. The study revealed that Palestinian legislation suffers from fragmented legal texts, weak coordination among regulatory bodies, and a lack of updates to laws to address health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, Sudanese law exhibits a relatively older legal framework, yet it is distinguished by the existence of the Administrative Judiciary Law of 1972, which allows for the review of certain health-related decisions-a provision largely absent in the Palestinian context. The study concluded with several key findings, foremost among them that the penalties imposed on violators of health regulations are either excessively lenient or ambiguous in their application, limiting their deterrent effect. Additionally, the multiplicity of authorities responsible for public health protection in both Palestine and Sudan-such as ministries of health, municipalities, and administrative control bodies-sometimes leads to overlapping jurisdictions and poor coordination, negatively impacting the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, health legislation in both countries is characterized by obsolescence and fails to keep pace with modern developments, such as biological epidemics and contemporary health disasters, resulting in clear legislative gaps. The study also highlighted that Islamic law, through its objectives (particularly the preservation of life), emphasizes the obligation to protect public health, considers negligence in this regard as a form of transgression, and encourages social solidarity in caring for patients and preventing harm to the community. The study recommended the need to review outdated health laws in Palestine and Sudan to align them with modern developments, incorporating concepts such as the right to health, professional responsibility, and health emergencies. It further suggested granting administrative control officers clearer powers and stronger legal protections to ensure their impartiality and enable them to perform their duties without political or tribal pressures. Keywords: (Public Health, Competent Authorities, Palestinian Legislation)