This paper examines school dropout as a multidimensional educational and social phenomenon, seeking to clarify the pivotal role of preventive counseling in fortifying students before disengagement indicators crystallize into irreversible realities، The research departs from a central question: How can preventive counseling techniques, derived from modern theories, be activated to predict and prevent dropout before its occurrence? Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study reviews and synthesizes relevant literature through the lens of key modern counseling frameworks, including Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci), Expectancy-Value Theory (Eccles & Wigfield), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis), Attachment Theory (Bowlby), and emotional self-regulation models، The study concludes by proposing an integrated preventive counseling model built on three pillars: early identification of risk indicators, structured group intervention, and strengthening school-family partnerships، The findings affirm that effective preventive counseling is not an educational luxury but an indispensable strategic imperative............. Keywords:............Preventive counseling, school dropout, self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, school engagement, early identification.